Social Inequality In America - 1075 Words

Michael Sandel, an esteemed professor of government at Harvard, says, â€Å"We live in a time when almost anything can be bought and sold† (42). This quote explains his thinking on an American societal problem; he believes that the society has become intertwined with its market. In â€Å"Markets and Morals,† Sandel explains that lower- and middle-class Americans are faced with inequality because they are unable to afford the prices set for higher-end necessities like political influence and safe neighborhoods; he also states that the corrosive nature of a price tag and the lack of morals in political arguments devalue our society. Sande believes that, as a result of the disintegration of differentiation between the American society and market, the†¦show more content†¦My family, like many other middle-class families, do not have $20,000 of expendable resources to pay for college for my sister and I. The only way I will be able to afford college is if I receive enough scholarships to cover nearly all the tuition. Our education system and the amount of money necessary to pay for a bachelor’s degree has put financial stress on my parents and have caused me to overextend myself in school and community involvement in hopes of attracting scholarship committees to decide I am deserving of the money they are giving. Education is important because it allows college graduates to obtain stable jobs. The American society has where a CEO is able to pay a worker to give up eight hours of their day and wills himself to the whims of the CEO. Jobs allow people to afford goods and necessities, making them necessary in American society. Even at an early age, people are pressured to have jobs like babysitting and mowing. I remember being pressured to have a job at an early age. When I was in seventh grade, Mr. Jones came to my history classroom and showed a video of the annual eighth-grade trip to Washington D.C. and I knew as soon as I saw that video that I had to go; The only problem was that it cost $2,500 and convincing my parents that the money was worth investing in this trip would be tricky. I brought home the pamphlet given to eachShow MoreRelatedInequality And Prosperity : Social Europe Vs. Liberal America1820 Words   |  8 PagesWithin his acclaimed novel â€Å"Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America, Princeton University professor Jonas Pontusson (2005) underlines that due to their direct influence on the livelihoods of individuals, social issues associated with the welfare of society have not only always attracted attention from academics, but have also consistently been under careful scrutiny of policymakers (p. xiii). In particular, Pontusson (2005) emphasizes that social scientists and policy expertsRead MoreThe Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present1326 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begi n equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia inRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pagesway to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the United States. In fact, it is a serious problem for America’s Economy, Democracy and the Middle Class. Economic Inequality is the thing that makesRead MoreInequality Of The American Dream1368 Words   |  6 PagesInequality Do you think the American dream is still a concept today? If so, is it still possible to achieve this American dream? The American dream can be described as the success of life, and the goals achieved. Sometimes, these dreams can not be achieved due to obstacles. In this case, obstacles such as inequality. Many may view America has the land of opportunity and the greatest nation ever due to our vast diversity and freedom, but is this thought to be true in America itself? There has beenRead MoreSocial Inequality Is An Important Issue In Today’S Society.1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Social inequality is an important issue in today’s society. Today, people face many inequalities based on their gender, race, religion, and disability status, yet there are many different ideologies and ongoing debate about social inequality. There are three perspectives concerning the issue of inequality in America. This paper will analyze an article about social inequality, â€Å"Gender, Race, and Income Gaps† by Richard Hogan and Carolyn Perrucci, and how it applies to the viewpoints concerningRead MoreSocial Stratification On Social Mobility And Income Equality Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesTO SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN THE PRESS AMERICA REGRESSED IN SOCIAL MOBILITY AND INCOME EQUALITY For a long time, Americans believe that anyone who works hard and follows the rules can own a house, raise a family and have a decent life. Believe it or not, social stratification and inequality were aggravated in the last decades in the United States. Social stratification is a sociological term for the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality. According toRead MoreFactors That Determine The Quality Of Health And Wellbeing Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pageshealth and wellbeing. Many intersecting social and individual factors control the societies health. Income inequality is one of the leading determinant for our health. The effects of income inequality on health maybe understood by examining some social mechanisms, such as public education and healthcare, structural violence, disruption of social cohesion and social capital; and individual risky behaviors. (Kawachi and Kennedy, 1999) My topic is income inequality and health because access to adequateRead More The Three Paradigms In Society Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesmicro-sociological paradigm. Functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, while social conflict focuses on the issue of division among society. Symbolic interaction works on communication and social change as a consequence. The three paradigms are completely different from each other in a social point of view. The macro-sociological paradigms view America as an inequality state. The social conflict paradigm fits today’s society. The functionalist paradigm focuses on the integrationRead MoreThe Three Paradigms in Society840 Words   |  4 Pagesmicro-sociological paradigm. Functionalist paradigm focuses on the integration of society, while social conflict focuses on the issue of division among society. Symbolic interaction works on communication and social change as a consequence. The three paradigms are completely different from each other in a social point of view. The macro-sociological paradigms view America as an inequality state. The social conflict paradigm fits todays society. The functionalist paradigm focuses on the integrationRead MoreThe Inequality Of Latin America1673 Words   |  7 PagesSpanish and Portuguese colonizers imposed their language, their religion, and their social institutions on the indigenous Americans and enslaved Africans, people who labored for them in mines and fields and who served them, too, at table and in bed† (Chasteen 5). Many people would say this is where inequality in Latin America began, with colonization. However, colonization is just a small piece of the roots of inequality of the region, which actually started with the natives of the lands such as the

The French Philosopher Rene Descartes Essay - 1068 Words

The French Philosopher Rene Descartes The French philosopher Rene Descartes lived from 1596-1650. He was the son of an aristocrat and traveled throughout Europe studying a wide-variety of subjects including math, science, law, medicine, religion, and philosophy. Descartes was greatly influenced by other thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. Descartes was a rationalist. Like many philosophers, novelists, and poets of his time, he questioned his own existence, and his reason for being, mans purpose in the scheme of the universe. Descartes set forth a number of philosophical trends. The†¦show more content†¦Whatever we see we bring back to our minds. If we don not like what that something, then we distort it. Our eyes and other senses distort the truth and can deceive us. Descarte says: I have accepted as possessed of the highest truth and certainty I have learned either from the senses or through the senses. Now these senses I have sometimes found to be deceptive; and it is only prudent never to place complete confidence in that by which we have even once been deceived. (Descartes, Rene, Meditations, Struhl, Paula Rothenberg, and Struhl Karsten J., editors, Philosophy Now. Random House: 1980, P. 88) Our eyes and other senses distort the truth and can deceive us. We must use both the mind and the senses, we must observe nature and analyze what we see. This is the law of nature Descartes discovers, and his idea, I think, therefore I am, corresponds to it, therefore it is true. However, in order to discover truth we must be totally neutral. We cannot allow our senses to deceive us in the pursuit of truth. Descartes has a clear distinct picture of God, which he cannot, and will not doubt. He believes all other truths can be doubted, but not God. For whether I am awake or dreaming, 2 and 3 are 5, a square has no more than four sides, and it does not seem possible that truths so evident can ever be suspected of falsity. YetShow MoreRelatedRene Descartes: French Mathematician and Philosopher Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes: An Author Study Rene Descartes was a 17th Century mathematician and French Philosopher whose lifes work focused on providing a new prospective on the human perception of reality. The definition of this reality is seen as Descartes greatest life goal. Coined as the Father of Modern Philosophy, (Cunningham Reich, 2010, p. 385), Descartes laid the groundwork the philosophy and reality as we perceive it today. Descartes autobiography, Discourse on the Method of Rightly ConductingRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes Faith and Reason1292 Words   |  6 PagesRene Descartes Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to question everything. The ScientificRead MoreThe Life of Rene’ Descartes: His Works and His Beliefs in God1578 Words   |  7 PagesWas Rene’ Descartes just a visionary of truth, mathematical equations or was he truly a man that knew he was born to tell the world about life, knowledge, and how it all came together metaphorically? Please see the research on Rene’ Descartes cited accomplishments. Descartes was known as the first modern philosopher. Famous for making a connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for solving of geometrical problem by way of algebraic equations, which promoted a new conception of matterRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinking. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not faith, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinkingRead MoreOn My Way670 Words   |  3 PagesRenà © Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was arguably known as the Father of Mode rn Philosophy. Descartes published many works of mathematics and philosophy throughout his life. In one of his most important works, Meditations on First Philosophy, he added a number of arguments for and against skepticism. Skepticism is the doubt about the truth of something and that absolute knowledge is not possible. Like past famous philosophers before him, Plato and ParmenidesRead More Descartes And Hume Essay545 Words   |  3 Pagesparadigm for philosophers shifted from faith to reason and finally settling on the senses. Thinkers began to challenge authorities, including great teachers such as Aristotle and Plato, and through skepticism the modern world began. The French philosopher, Renà © Descartes who implemented reason to find truth, as well as the British empiricist David Hume with his usage of analytic-synthetic distinction, most effectively utilized the practices of skepticism in the modern world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Renà © Descartes was theRead MoreThe Influence of Rationalism on the French Revolution1509 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2013 The Influence of Rationalism on the French Revolution What was the driving force behind the French Revolution? Many people may say it was financial, or political, and while I would agree that these things were part of the force that propelled the French Revolution, I would assert that the philosophies of the Enlightenment were the dominant force that blasted late eighteenth century France into revolution . In his article, â€Å"The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies â€Å"Maurice CranstonRead Moresituation in ethic Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesreality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language.The influences of philosophy and physiology are discover by ancient Greeks such as Aristotle and Plato. In the seventeenth century, Rene Descartes suggested the concept of dualism in which the mind and body exist as two separate entities. Descartes believed that the interaction between mind and body created the experience of reality. Physiology and Philosophy is established under school of psychology and as science separat e philosophy theRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 PagesRenà © Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher of the 16th Century, who, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"was one of the first to abandon scholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship betweenRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thought

Research Proposal - 2386 Words

Research Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasia (Robinson, Greenwood, 2009). This particular study received criticism based on the small sample size used for the study. Research is an organized inquiry carried out to provide information for solving problems. Solid research generates†¦show more content†¦The design of our research was qualitative seeking to obtain opinions, experiences, and situations nurses are presented with along with particular influences affecting their actions. Research Design Research design gives us a layout of material at different levels that guides the operations of a study. The collection of data and the viewpoint or perspective is an effective design. In this type of research insight is gained through reviewing unforeseen circumstances or facts, and interpretations on how people think. Through this design method, the collection of data will be gathered through structured interviewing to a specific group of personnel in this case consisting of nurses in which the same list of questions, some open-ended questions will be asked and in the same sequence. â€Å"Standardized open-ended interviews are likely the most popular form of interviewing utilized in research studies because of the nature of the open-ended questions, allowing the participants to fully express their viewpoints and experiences† (Turner, 2010, p.3). Design Instrument The process of collecting data initially will start with a letter introducing the study followed by a pamphlet given to all participants. A letter would initiate the participation of registered nurses staffed in the ICU or CCU at select hospitals. The pamphlet would include information on definition of euthanasia, patients’ rights, the effects, and laws regarding euthanasia. The design of interviewShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research P roposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreDesign Research Proposal1022 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Design The research question for this research proposal is: is participation in a Housing First program effective in preventing reoccurrences of child maltreatment with families who have a history of housing instability? This research proposal will examine the hypothesis: Families with a history of instability will be less likely to commit child maltreatment when they are enrolled in a Housing First program as compared to those who are not enrolled. A longitudinal design study will be usedRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead MoreResearch Proposal2068 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of South Africa 2013-05-30 Dear Sir/Madam Re: Research proposal: Why do People Volunteer Work. I am currently associated with UNISA where I am an honours student in Psychology. I have special interest in why do people volunteer work due to some volunteer work I am doing with a home called Botshabelo and an organisation called Stop Hunger SA. I have attached a proposal for further research in this field. The reasons for approaching you is because I will need funding

Teaching Philosophy And Next Steps - 2124 Words

Teaching Philosophy and Next Steps Part I: Cultural Autobiographical Narrative My family immigrated to the United States from Egypt in 1976 when I was three years old. Growing up as a Muslim, I have always considered myself more of a Muslim-American than an Egyptian-American. Even though the majority of Egyptians are Muslim, not all cultural practices necessarily adhere to Islam. Therefore, as I am very familiar with Egyptian culture, my family’s values and beliefs were mainly shaped by religion more than they were by culture. I was raised in an education driven environment. My parents, although their professional background is in accounting and finance, dedicated the latter portion of their careers running a private school†¦show more content†¦Being exposed to several cultures in the school environment helped me better understand diversity and provided me with skills to optimize teaching experiences for students. Growing up, my parents have taught me many values that are religiously driven. One import ant core value emphasized is related to equality, where we are all equal regardless of color, race, religion, language, or gender. Understanding this underlying fundamental value contributes to the appreciation of the human race. As my faith addresses every aspect of my life, I feel that my values and beliefs are fundamental sources of strength for me. I was taught gratitude, patience, and the courage to stand up for justice, even if it was an inconvenience for me. I was always encouraged to recognize and value people’s diversity. Understanding and appreciating people’s differences may reduce or even remove barriers between groups of people. This of course does not mean that I must or will agree with all the topics addressed in class. One such topic that is shaped by my beliefs is the subject of homosexuality. Just as eating pork or drinking alcohol is forbidden for me, so is homosexuality. Even though I do not agree with the act, I am able to separate the action from the person. My perspective is that people that differ from me in one or more aspect are my fellow human beings and that I am required to treat them with compassion, justice, and dignity. Unfortunately,

Why I have identified the development techniques of HR manager Free Essays

Assisting the HR manager I would like to assist the HR manager during the next recruitment process as this will help me gain a better understanding of the process. If I assist her during the process rather than observe her I will be getting hands on experience. The benefits of this are being able to gain experience and knowledge from the manager, I will have a better understanding of the process as the manager will be teaching me as I’m assisting her, I will be involved in the process so I will be able to assist her with short listing and interviewing candidates. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I have identified the development techniques of HR manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now The drawbacks to this technique is that it may take the HR manager longer to do the recruitment as she will be using time to teach me and it also may affect the process. Reading the policy The benefits of looking on the intranet and reading the policy are that it is easy to access and read, the policy is up to date as it is on the intranet which is updated monthly, I can print out the policy and read it in my own time, I can make notes and re read the policy as many times as I want until I fully understand the policy. The drawbacks of this are that it may take a long time to read the policy and I may have to read it more than once to understand it. How to cite Why I have identified the development techniques of HR manager, Papers

Investment Council or ADIC System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Investment Council or ADIC System. Answer: Introduction: Abu Dhabi Investment Council or the ADIC is an investment arm of Abu Dhabi government. It is primarily a sovereign wealth fund that is owned by the UAE (United Arab Emirates). Further, it is liable for investing the surplus funds of the government through an internationally diversified investment strategy. It intends to target positive capital returns with the help of an expansive portfolio of active investment management strategies and highly widespread class assets (Bloomberg, 2018). The council is also entrusted with the power to mandate the direct investment to widen the economic base of Abu Dhabi and facilitate the global development of domestic companies. The council initiated its operations from April 2007 and intends on becoming an efficient institution of managing assets and creating returns as well. ADIC invests in real estates, private equity, infrastructure, public equity, hedge funds, and fixed income markets throughout the world. For the purpose of its public equity investments, the council intends to invest in small cap and large-cap companies. Moreover, the councils fixed income investment is primarily diversified credit and emerging debt securities that are associated with sovereign and international inflation (Gulf news UAE, 2018). Besides, the councils investment of hedge funds comprises of investment in funds that further invests across hedge equity strategies, relative value strategies, event-driven strategies, macro strategies, and systematic CTA. For private equity investments, ADIC makes secondary, direct, and fund of fund investments in private markets and both listed and unlisted companies throughout the world. Its other investments include infrastructure and real estates as well. Abu Dhabi needed a new vehicle to invest few of its oil receipts in order to compete with Abu Dhabi Investment Authority that was regarded as governments longstanding arm of investment and largest Arab institutional investor. Since the risk of government was getting higher day-by-day, ADIC was formed with a purpose of setting up a balanced portfolio of investments throughout all classes and sectors of assets, thereby diversifying the governments risk. Nonetheless, the council was formed to differentiate itself from ADIA with a particular focus on investments within the Middle East together with facilitating international investments (ADIC, 2018). Hence, this was the major purpose behind the formation of Abu Dhabi Investment Council but this does not mean replacement of ADIA as a whole. The structure of Abu Dhabi Investment Council is just like a sovereign wealth fund institute that was formed with the purpose of investing the governments fund all across the globe. However, the managing director of the council facilitated in restructuring the council by making it part of the Mubadala Investment Company Group. With such restructuring process, a world-class investment scale of investments can be established, thereby enhancing the attempts of Abu Dhabi in generating more revenues and enhancing its competitive position as a whole (ADIC, 2018). Under such new law, the directors of Mubadala Investment Company Group will become the Board of directors of the council that will continue to operate like it was before but only on a grand scale. References ADIC. (2018). Abu Dhabi Investment Council (ADIC). Retrieved from https://www.abudhabi.ae/portal/public/en/departments/adic;jsessionid=4aphdfofMouWL51GP6-Hre8Pf_cqK5cnNyvBCar8x3jJVX97qBTs!455785616!-380889922!1522053544479 Bloomberg. (2018). Company Overview ofAbu Dhabi Investment Council. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=53306153 Gulf news UAE. (2018). UAE President orders restructuring of Abu Dhabi Investment Council. Retrieved from https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/uae-president-orders-restructuring-of-abu-dhabi-investment-council-1.2192170

Proposal Adventure Camp free essay sample

By: Senior Administrator [name] Introduction It appears that people are unaware of our presence. To solve this, we need to have a wider array of ways to attract the public. We also need to draw the larger groups such as school classes or sports teams. Personal Promotion We are often told by our customers, how great they think the centre is for doing adventure activities. However, very few know about us, despite those comments. A solution could be to organize open days regularly and send invitations to journalists so they can promote the centre in public media. Online attention Sometimes we were asked for our website, yet we do not have one. A website is much easier for people these days, because it allows them to book our experiences online without having to leave home. Online bookings are also much easier to register for us. Another suggestion is entering social media. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Adventure Camp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are on the rise especially among teenagers and adolescents and they are our primary target groups. This way we can encourage them to join our activities and our customers can also encourage their friends to do so. The development of a sophisticated website and social media page is therefore an absolute must. Special offers As you know ‘discount’ is a magic word, which could attract large quantities of people. Thus considerable group discount could be very effective in order to attract larger groups. Those groups could spread the word about our centre, drawing more clients exponentially. Conclusion The problems are being insufficiently known and not being attractive to large groups. In order to tackle the problems listed above I advise the management to implement my three recommendations; being open days, the development of pages on the world wide web and an attractive group discount.

Feminist Christology free essay sample

Male theologians had done almost all theology in the Christian tradition. Today women are waking up to their own dignity and finding their own voice. Some faith is now being reflected from the perspectives and experiences of women. This is commonly called Feminist Christology. There are many types of feminist Christology that can be divided into two categories. The revolutionary school of thought is produced by women who, upon examining the Christian tradition, find it so male-dominated that they pronounce it hopelessly irredeemable.The other category is of the reformist feminist theologians, who also find the Christian tradition male-dominated but find hope for it to be transformed. The reformist stay within the church and work for reform, while the revolutionists leave the church and form groups of prayer that emphasizes sisterhood. The majority of Catholic feminist theologians work with the liberation model in the sense that they seek the dismantling of patriarchy and equal justice especially for the dispossessed. Feminist liberation theology arises out of the recognition of the suffering of a particular oppressed group, in this case women. Consciousness of the ways women are perpetually relegated to second class citizenship in society and church, in contrast to womens essential human dignity, gives rise to outrage: this should not be; this is against the will of God. Reflection arises in groups actively engaged in praxis. The goal of this form of theologizing is not only to understand the meaning of faith tradition, but also to change it.The vision which guides feminist theology is that of a new human community based on the values of mutuality and reciprocity. The dream of a new heaven and a new earth takes hold here, with no one group dominating and no one group being subordinated. The three steps of the method of liberation theology-analyzing the situation, searching the tradition for what contributes to the oppression, and searching again for what liberates-yield a new appreciation of the meaning of Jesus Christ for human beings who are women.Feminist theologists say that sexism is pervasive, and like racism classifies human beings, prescribes certain roles and denies certain rights to them on the basis of physical characteristics. So, on the basis gender sexism considers women essentially less worthy than men and sets up powerful forces to keep women in their proper place. Sexism shows itself in two ways. The first is in structures which are so shaped that power is always in the hands of the dominant male; other males are ranked in a series of graded subordination, with the least powerful forming a large base.This structure is known as patriarchy. Secondly, in patterns of thinking that takes the humanity of male human beings and make it normative for all. Women are considered human not in their own right, but in a secondary way, in a way derivative from and dependent on the male. This thinking is called androcentrism. Almost all-historical theologians have thought in the androcentric manner. Thomas Acquinas was of the opinion that woman is a misbegotten men, a physiological view which then determined his assessment of womans essential nature.This is a view that is pervasive in the Catholic tradition, influencing not only theology but canon law and practice as well. In sexism with this thinking, women are excluded, marginalized, and rendered invisible in language and public life. Stereotyped as mindless, emotional, weak, they are prevented from assuming leadership roles. A UN statistics show, while forming one half of the worlds population, women do three fourths of the worlds work, receive one tenth of the worlds salary, and own one hundredth of the worlds land.Within these kinds of experiences, womens own self image comes in for a great battering, there is widespread lack of self-esteem and self-confidence that has been documented even among very competent women. Out of the system of sexism in all of its manifestations, feminist theology has developed a criterion or critical principle for judging structures and theories. Whatever enables this to flourish is redemptive and of God; whatever damages this is non-redemptive and contrary to Gods intent.The one example to demonstrate all of these discriminations is the denial of the rights of women as persons. What is called for is transformation of the self and of social systems that support exploitative relations, the relations between men and women key among them. The second step involves analysis of tradition and there, when the turn is made to Christology, the judgement is made that of all the doctrines of the church Christology is the one most used to oppress women. It basically comes down to the way Jesus maleness was portrayed.The problem arises when Jesus maleness, this particular aspect of himself as a person, is lifted up and made into universal principle. This then operates in two ways which contribute to the subordination of women. First, it comes to be taken for granted that the maleness of Jesus reveals the maleness of God, or that the only proper way to represent God is in male images. Through the bible and throughout Jesus life God is imaged as the father, always in male terms, a naming which rebounds to the benefit of male human being.Feminist theologians believe that since God is Spirit, he can be neither male nor female. In the book of Genesis God gave no preference to either male or female. In the Jewish scriptures God is imaged in female form by some of the prophets, as mother, midwife, etc. Jesus also images God as female. For example when he said the reign of God is like the yeast that a woman kneads into dough so that the whole loaf rises; this is an image of God as baker woman. Even in the parable of the woman searching for her lost coin, which is similar to the parable of the good shepherd in Luke 15:1-10.They both tell the same story, of God as Redeemer, of both leaving the rest of their coins or sheep, while searching for the missing way. The parables show how God cares for all of us even if we sin hell always look for us. However the story of the woman has been ignored while the good shepherd has been remembered. At various times in the Christian tradition, female metaphors for God did come into use. Even in our present day, Pope John Paul I said memorable that just as God is truly our Father, even more is God our Mother, especially when we are in trouble through sin.The second way in which the maleness of Jesus has operated to subordinate women concerns human beings more than God. The gender of Jesus has been taken to be the mode of paradigm of what it means to be human. This is interpreted literally to mean that maleness is closer to the human ideal than is femaleness. Feminist Liberation Christology searches in Christology for ways to liberate women, and they have found ways in Jesus ministry, death, and resurrection, and the tradition of wisdom Christology. †¢ Jesus preaching proclaims justice and peace for all people, inclusive of women. The vision of the reign of God is precisely a vision of community where every human person is valued and all interrelated in a mutually respectful way. Jesus preaching of the reign of God is a powerful liberating force. †¢ Jesus call God Abba, which represents this compassionate, intimate, and close Abba that releases everyone from patterns of domination and calls for another kind of community. Abba creates and sets up a place of mutuality, a community of brothers and sisters. †¢ Jesus in all his workings and doings considered females just as important as males.He treated them with a grace and respect commensurate with their human dignity. One theologian remarks that the problem is not the Jesus wasn’t female, but that most males are not like him. †¢ Feminist interpretation of the stories of women in the gospels is making clear that while this point has been suppressed in our androcentric tradition, Jesus called women to be disciples. Women too left their homes and families to follow Jesus. They too preached and turned towns in followers of Jesus. An example is the Samaritan woman at the well (Jn4) which brought a whole town to Jesus.

How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Example Essay Example

How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Example Paper How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Introduction English 101 4 March 2013 How to raise an academically successful child All parents want their children to succeed academically. But not all parents know how to accomplish this. With all the distraction in today’s society that a child must avoid it can be difficult. Academic success starts in early childhood. This is why firm parenting and an early emphasis on the importance of education are necessary. I will focus on how musical arts, strong parental guidance, and setting high expectations for your child will help them to succeed academically. Music education has many benefits and all children should be involved. Its biggest benefits are success in increasing intellect, culture, school and life (AM’). Music can give your child an intellectual superiority. â€Å"Music simply stimulates parts of the brain that are related to reading, math and emotional development† says children’s music specialist Meredith Levande. Memory is also enhanced through musical art s. Engaging at an early in music helps with learning. Constant memorization will help stimulate brain development (Caren-Marturet). Being part in a music group will help build a child’s social skills. They will learn discipline, teamwork and be able to lead thers. Which are all important life skills (Caren-Marturet). Self-Reliance is also raised through practicing music. Every child will not be good when they begin. But with lots of practice they will become more confident in their own abilities. Many children today have very little patience, if any at all. They want everything instantly. Being part of a music group will help them to develop patience. How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Body Paragraphs In a musical group everything it is all about timing. If everyone played when they felt like it the music would not come together correctly (Caren-Dotson). Studying also requires lots of patience. As a child progresses through school, hours of studying will be needed every night. If the patience is not present the child will struggle to stay focused and lose interest. All children need to relax after a long day and most choose television, video games, and internet. None of which stimulate the brain like playing music. Learning never stops when studying music. As a child progresses the music becomes more difficult, constantly presenting a mental challenge (Caren-Jolkovsky). Music helps a child express themselves. According to Michael Jolkovsky, a psychologist who specializes in musicians,† it gives pleasures and nuances of motional life for which there are no words†. Children learn to get past their apprehension and take chances through music performance. A child must take chances in order to grow. Music boosts mental health and can keep children out of trouble later in life (Phillips). Music is a major part of our society and should be part of every child’s education. By introducing your child to music lessons, they will learn to develop skills that could help them easily learn new imagination and shape their own individuality through music. A sense of respect for all art forms is gained. Students who are involved in music score higher on SAT and are more interested in pursuing college education (Phillips). This could be attributed to the skills it teaches such as concentration, discipline, cooperation, and setting goals. All of which are needed to succeed in the real world. A child’s educational production is lifted when a parent takes an active role in their child’s education. â€Å"Chinese parents spend approximately 10 times as long every day drilling academic activities with their children†(Chua pg. 54). The more inv olved a parent is it will have a greater effect on the child’s schooling. Parents should be encouraged to read with their children on a daily basis. They should also talk about the reading. Lots of challenging questions should be asked that will make a child expand thoughts on what was read (Chin). Children of parents who take the time to sit down and read with them read much better than those who don’t. A child that has had much practice at home will have the self-esteem needed to read and volunteer willingly in class. Motivation is the key here. Motivated children choose more difficult tasks, they will begin them without a need for a push from parents, make a better ttempt and pay better attention. Leading to improved behavior towards education and a greater likeliness of academic success (Seven). Helping kids with homework is very important. Your child needs an area with good lighting to do homework and study. All tools should be made available. This area should not have any distractions such as television, music and games (Seven-3). Parents should check homework daily and make sure it is correct by going over answers with child. When a child is struggling in certain areas of the homework the teacher should be notified of problem areas (Chen). Parental involvement has a big impact on a child’s classroom behavior. A child who knows that the parent and teacher are in constant contact will be less likely to act out in class and complete assignments. Parents who push the value of education and make it fun will effect a child’s feelings towards school. â€Å"Parents need to foster the idea that learning is fun† (Chua pg. 53). A child raised to think this way will enjoy education and become a leader in class. It is important that a parent stay involved from preschool to high school. No matter how old a child is parental involvement has a strong impact. Most parents are involved a lot during elementary, but toward middle and high school they involve themselves less. It is important a parent is involved during later years (Chen). High school students are less likely to drop out and more likely to attend college when a parent encourages academic success. â€Å"Academic achievement reflects successful parenting† (Chua pg. 53). A college degree is very important in todays society and it is the parents’ Job to help their child understand this importance. Setting high expectations for your children is the key to academic success. If a child is a â€Å"c† student, they should be ncouraged to get a’s and b’s. Teaching kids not to settle for anything less than the best is essential in setting high expectations. High achievement always takes place in the framework of high expectation† Charles F. Kettering. A child should be sat down and told what is expected of them. Future goals should be talked about in depth. The goals intended should be fair and easy to understand. Childre n should understand that they are going to be responsible for their success and failure. The will pay off with good grades and be rewarded. Children should know to act civilized at all times while in school. Horseplay and be class clown are not acceptable behaviors. They are in school to learn and should respect teachers and fellow students. Participation is a requirement and teachers should be asked about the student’s classroom conduct and involvement (Expectations). When children do not meet expected goals punishment should be given. T. V, video games and time with friends should be taken away. This should help a child get back on the right track and stay focused on what is really important. Children always need encouragement to strive for the best. Your child should understand from an early age that attending ollege is a main goal and they are expected and encouraged to seek higher education and do well. High expectations are the key to Amy Chua’s daughter’s academic successes. Chua’s daughters were never allowed to get any grade less than an â€Å"A†. Anything less than an â€Å"A† or no. 1 position lead to excessive drilling until grades were improved or number one position was held again. She demanded perfection and wouldn’t allow her daughters to settle for anything less. â€Å"Chinese parents demand perfect grades because they believe their child can get them† (Chua pg. 55). Chinese parents have 100% percent confidence in their child’s own ability to e perfect in all academics. When the goal is not met, Chinese parents believe their children are not applying themselves to their full potential. Where-as a western parent would think the subjects being studied are too hard. Showing little confidence in their child’s ability, which is not good for the child’s self-esteem. By showing and telling kids they are capable of tasks put before them. By setting the bar high a child will l earn to reach for their goals and succeed all around. With more people in the U. S. the number of children increasing, and more Jobs requiring degrees, academic uccess is very important in todays society. It leads children down a positive path, and creates a bright future. But without the parent their pushing the child toward academic achievement, life can be a struggle. I believe musical arts will give a child a mental step ahead of their peers. Also strong parental guidance is necessary to keep the child focused on academics, and setting high expectations help children reach their life goals. Works Cited â€Å"American Music Institute† Benefits of Music. 2012. Web. Feb 15, 2013 Campbell, Kim â€Å"Expectations: Do You Have Them? Do Students Get Them† NASSP Apr 2012. web. Feb 24 2013 Caren, Sarah â€Å"10 Ways Music Benefits Children† She Knows Parenting March 23, 2010. web. Feb 15, 2013. Chen, Grace â€Å"10 Ways Parental Involvement Improves School Performan ce† Public school Review. NOV 29, 2012. web. Feb 18, 2013 Chen, Grace â€Å"Parental involvement is Key to Academic Success† Public School Review Mar 25, 2008. web. Feb 18, 2013 Chua, Amy â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior† Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. 2011. The Blair Reader. Print Koklanaris, Maria â€Å"Seven Proven Ways to Motivate Children to do Better in School† Phillips, Carolyn â€Å"12 Benefits of Music Education† Children’s Music Workshop 2012. web. Feb 15, 2013 We will write a custom essay sample on How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Raise an academically Successful child Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

6 Skills you need to success free essay sample

While we all aspire to climb to the top of our respective professions, but from time to time we come up against a roadblock, a barrier that slows our climb to the top. Whether you are being consistently overlooked in favor of someone else who is a bit more productive or perhaps there is just some intangible quality that allows other people to get ahead of you, it can be immensely frustrating to be denied a job you know you could excel in. With this in mind, we decided to consider the six skills you need to succeed. It is worth noting that all of these skills are transferable and have as much relevance in your personal life as they do in your professional life. Just as importantly, these are all skills that can be learned, so no one should feel that they are at a disadvantage with any of these. We will write a custom essay sample on 6 Skills you need to success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Work on them and you will reap the rewards accordingly. After reading this, the career ladder will suddenly seem a much easier climb than it did before. 1- Speaking skills Whether you are hustling for a promotion when you bump into a CEO in an elevator or making an important speech at an international conference, the ability to speak with a wide variety of people is an absolute essential. Good eye contact, a varied vocabulary and the ability to tailor your language to suit your audience are all essential characteristics of an artful speaker. Being a good speaker will give you presence and make you memorable to those who are listening. Practice talking with anyone and everyone you meet, look for a debating society or a Toastmasters group. The  rewards are worth it. Being more adept in social situations and being better equipped to network successfully will help you forge working relationships that could be very advantageous to you in the future. It will also be useful to you for performing duties as a best man. 2- Confidence in decision making Nothing says mediocrity like indecision. A good leader is decisive and will always back himself up when making the correct decision. If you want to be considered leadership material, you have to possess these characteristics. If you are paralyzed by the fear of getting it wrong, you will end up doing nothing, which is worse than trying something and failing. A lot of high-fliers are prepared to take risks knowing that a mistake can be corrected. Learn to evaluate different decisions for their pros and cons, and make decisions that will take you closer to completing a given task. The key is to make sure that your decisions are thought out and reasoned. Be confident in your judgment and believe in yourself to get things right. Don’t just play it safe every time — you will blend into the wallpaper and no one will notice you. Putting yourself on the line will earn you respect, and if your decisions turn out to be right, you can expect to be rewarded for your efforts. 3- Accountability Another major part of being successful is accepting responsibility, both for successes and failures. If you want other people to respect you, acknowledge your errors rather than trying to blame someone else for your shortcomings. Everyone makes mistakes, but the real test is how you react to that. Putting yourself in the firing line is the mark of a man who wants to achieve great things and is prepared to be scrutinized. It is a sign of confidence and self-belief, and is a key ingredient among men who want to be successful. Being able to admit you have made a mistake is also a sign of humility and can garner respect from your employees. A useful way to hold yourself accountable is to scrutinize your to-do lists, see what you accomplished and what you did not. Look at ways you can improve your performance and take appropriate steps to correct mistakes yourself. Three more skills you need to succeed after the jump 4- A positive attitude Being positive about work and life is also essential to success. While your colleagues may laugh at your endless cynicism and misanthropic tendencies, your boss will see you as someone who hates his job and who will never support the aims of the company. We should distinguish between the occasional bad day (although you should always try to minimize this and remain upbeat no matter how trying the circumstances) and being consistently pessimistic. The eternal pessimist will always try to drag other people down and will probably be less productive. If you can cultivate a positive outlook, you will encourage others to be more positive. Youll also be more productive and possibly more credible as someone with executive potential. A positive attitude is entirely self-determined and can be helped by accentuating the positives in any situation. Don’t see problems; see solutions. 5- Self-presentation Learning how to present yourself to others is another major aspect of being successful. Good grooming and, in particular, smart attire will project an image of success to other people — before you have even said a word. Wearing a well-cut suit, quality shoes and an elegant timepiece speak of a man who takes pride in his appearance. High sartorial standards indicate someone who has high standards generally, and this will cause people to view you favorably. A huge amount of your impact on colleagues, bosses or clients will be based on how well put together you appear. And while substance is crucial, having a great style to support it is no bad thing. Read fashion magazines and think about visiting a hairstylist rather than a barber. If you can afford it, have suits and shoes made to measure; they will fit much better than off-the-rack goods. Don’t forget that the way you look also enhances the way you feel about yourself, making you more confident. 6- Time management skills It doesn’t matter how well you dress, how positive you are or how well-spoken you are if you cannot keep everything under control. Disorganization means that you will be forever playing catch-up with your work, rushing to meet  deadlines and producing work below par. Learn to keep a detailed diary, listing deadlines and setting a schedule for your work, to ensure it is all done with time to spare. Your work will be of better quality and you will be entrusted with increased responsibility. It will also afford you additional leisure time. It is a key element to success and well worth practicing. This means overcoming procrastination (which we can all be guilty of at times), setting goals that are challenging (but realistic) and trying to use your time efficiently. Don’t check your e-mails 17 times every hour; spend that time writing up that project that is due tomorrow. Ideally, you will reach a stage when you can get ahead of the curve and start taking on additional projects and responsibilities — a surefire way of setting yourself up for that promotion. Success is simple when you follow these professional skills success is simple There you have it: An essential list to help you move up in the world and stake your claim in business. There are more, of course, but no other general guide is more comprehensive. A final word of advice: Worry not about an intangible trait you may not have. If you have not been born and raised as the best communicator or dealmaker, you can make your mark with expertise in a specific field or venture. As long as you make your mark in something, the sky is the limit. Just keep in mind that the best of the best have a wide scope of knowledge and do not focus on one area alone.

buy custom Clinical Support Services essay

buy custom Clinical Support Services essay Support services give organization strength to offer its services. Harris County Hospital District (HCHD) is a public hospital that uses various clinical support services effectively. The hospital practice unique management process, which make it, cost- effective. This benefits pharmacy department and large number of patient. The pharmacy department, had a drug budget of more than $ 75 million and more than 27% of residence of Harris district, receive treatment here. HCHD has a unique formula decision process. Medications selections depend on need, safety and cost- effectiveness. Pharmacy and Therapeutics (PT) Committee comprising of physicians, pharmacists, dieticians, nurses and administrators are drawn in in the formula decision process. When an additional medication to a rug is a request, the requester must attach clinical trials, practice guidelines, estimated use and pertinent information among others (Henry, 2011). A sub- committee is put into place, and its recommendations forwarded to PT committee, for considerations. These recommendations can rage from additional to formulary, additional with restriction or remain non formulary. The committee presents its recommendation to the medical board which can approve, denies or modifies the recommendations. The non formulary process begins when a pharmacist receives a non formula medication for a patient. This includes patients information, drug request with dose, frequency and routing, the duration and justification of the request. The pharmacist, then present the request to the pharmacy supervisor who can only approve requests with low- cost impact. Medical Utilization Evaluations take place in additional of a new drug formula. There is data collection and analyzing by pharmacy specialist who present then to a subcommittee. The recommendations are then forwarded to Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee for approval. Pharmaceutical Bids follow several considerations. This ensures most economical bids get approval. These factors include cost of the drug, dispensing data, inpatient utilization, and market share, out patient utilization, patient assistance programs, product availability and purchase history. Budget and cost effectiveness are also in use by HCDH. Clinical and healthy care resources are inadequate, but their demand is unlimited. Clinical services should be managed effectively. HCDT is an outstanding example for other hospitals and medical practitioners. Buy custom Clinical Support Services essay

The Environmental Impacts of Droughts

The Environmental Impacts of Droughts As summer approaches, headlines about worrisome drought conditions usually dominate the news. All across the world, ecosystems from California to Kazakhstan have dealt with droughts of varying lengths and intensity. You probably already know that a drought means there is not enough water in a given area, but what causes a drought? And how do ecologists determine when an area is suffering from a drought? And can you actually prevent a drought? What Is A Drought? According to the National Weather Service  (NWS), a drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period. It also occurs more regularly than you might think. Actually, almost every ecosystem experiences some period of drought as part of its natural climate pattern. The duration of the drought is what sets it apart.   Types of Droughts The NWS defines four distinct types of drought that vary depending upon their cause and duration: meteorological drought, agricultural drought, hydrological drought, and socioeconomic drought. Heres a closer look at each type. Meteorological Drought: This type of drought is defined by a lack of precipitation over a period of time.  Agricultural Drought:  This is the type of drought that occurs when factors such as lack of rainfall, soil water deficits, and reduced groundwater levels combine to produce conditions that do not allow an adequate water supply for crops.  Hydrological Drought:  When lake or stream levels decline and the groundwater table is diminished due to a lack of rainfall, an area may be in a hydrological drought.Socioeconomic Drought: Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds an ecosystems water-related means of sustaining or producing it. Causes Of Drought Drought can be caused by meteorological conditions such as a lack of rainfall or excess of heat. They can also be caused by human factors such as increased water demand or poor water management. On a wider scale, drought conditions are often thought to be the result of climate change that causes higher temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns. Effects of Drought At its most basic level, drought conditions make it difficult to grow crops and sustain livestock. But the effects of drought are actually much more far-reaching and complex, as they affect the health, economy and stability of an area over time. Droughts can lead to famine, wildfires, habitat damage, malnutrition, mass migration (for both people and animals,) disease, social unrest, and even war. The High Cost of Droughts According to the National Climatic Data Center, droughts are among the most costly of all weather events. There were 114 droughts recorded in the United States through 2011 that have resulted in losses in excess of $800 billion. The two worst droughts in the U.S.  were the 1930s Dust Bowl drought and the 1950s drought, each one lasted for more than five years affected large areas of the nation. How to Prevent a Drought Try as we might, we cannot control the weather. Thus we cannot prevent droughts that are caused strictly by a lack of rainfall or abundance of heat. But we can manage our water resources to better handle these conditions so that a drought does not occur during short dry spells. Ecologists can also use various tools to predict and assess droughts around the world. In the U.S., the U.S. Drought Monitor provides a day-by-day visual of the drought conditions around the country. The U.S. Seasonal Drought Overlook  predicts drought trends that may occur based on statistical and actual weather forecasts. Another program, the Drought Impact Reporter, collects data from the media and other weather observers about the impact of drought in a given area. Using the information from these tools, ecologists can predict when and where a drought might occur, assess the damages caused by a drought, and help an area recovery more quickly after a drought occurs. In that sense, they are really more predictable than preventable.

Continuation of media influence on adolescents Dissertation

Continuation of media influence on adolescents - Dissertation Example Although, both men and women read, viewed and heard various media content, women are maximally influenced by the content both in the physical sense as well as in the mental sense. That is, while men are merely excited, women strive to be just as flawless and perfect as projected in mass media by following lifestyle practices, which sometimes could border on negativity. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008). When one looks historically, when other electronic forms had not yet made an appearance, print magazines was the major media influence occupying the mind space of both men and women. However, as mentioned above, although males read the magazines, they were not maximally influenced by them to incorporate as part of their lifestyle, this was not the case with the females. In those times, women are mainly viewed (and the adolescent girls were prepared) as housewives or homemakers, whose primary duty is to take care of their husbands, children and the household. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008).So, the me dia content in mid part of the 20th century featured information as well as tips mainly regarding this lifestyle of women. Although, some magazines also featured content and tips on other extra-curricular activities that can be carried out by the women, it was only in minority. The basic point is, all forms of media content mainly reflect or write or broadcast what is happening in the real society about real people or specifically about real women at that particular time. Thus, mass media now or earlier reflected or featured women centric issues that was/is prevalent. However, certain issues are not time-bound and are visible now also. Quite importantly, apart from reflecting what is in the society, this media content will also influence the society. That is, like a chain reaction, the media content gets created from the society, and when the society starts to continuously read a ‘specific’ type of content, they will or if correctly said, majority of them will get influ enced, thereby creating norms or stereotypes. This will change the lifestyle of many. As more adolescent boys and especially girls read, view or hear the media content, they will/have started viewing them as the eye-opener for many of their lifestyle choices as well as panacea for all their problems. When they do this, they will avoid or even ignore any tips from their parents For the past few decades, sexuality has been used in the mass media as the main form of gaining the attention of its viewers particularly the target segment of adolescents or youths, often showing models in a physical appearance, which negatively influences the adolescents. These contents in the mass media often use the subject of sexuality to promote the product or other features by correlating the two. Sizable content in the mass media show women as a symbol of beauty and sexuality, impacting men and women in different ways. (Sengupta and Dahl 2008). So, this literature review focusing on the trends and the influencing role of the mass media, will first discuss about the 1950s and 1960s mass media mediums particularly magazines and its impact or influence on the lives of the female, comparing it with the magazines of today. As part of the comparison, the review will also focus on how these mass media content took the ‘informational adviser’ tag, and gave a lot of tips to the adolescents, who sometimes preferred these media content over their parents. Media’

Choosing the Best Tax Entity for a Small Business Essay

Choosing the Best Tax Entity for a Small Business - Essay Example For this reason, the article recommends this type of entity to first time business owners. On the negative side, however, sole proprietorships face "unlimited personal liability" and "15.3% self-employment tax on all earnings up to $80,400." If the business is legally risky, the personal liability issue is a major obstacle. A general partnership, on the other hand, is characterized by Anthony as "a good way to participate in a venture with other individuals without having to deal with payroll issues." The partners also have great freedom in the distribution of profits amongst themselves as long as a consensus is reached. Nevertheless, this entity shares the problem of self-employment tax with sole proprietorships, and all partners can be held liable for the actions of the others. The central benefit of an S corporation is that there is "no Social Security or Medicare taxes on profits or dividends from the corporation to shareholders." However, the business owners' benefits are not deductible. In a C corporation, on the other hand, all health insurance is deductible, and there is access to a lower tax rate for profits kept in the corporation.

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Essay

The 7 Variables of Culture during Chinese and American Business Negiotiations in a Corporate Law Firm - Essay Example â€Å"Negotiation is a process whereby two or more parties--be they individuals, groups, or larger social units--interact in developing potential agreements to provide guidance and regulation of their future behavior. Such negotiation can be conducted between nations; between companies; or between any two or more parties that need to cooperate or bargain to attain certain common or conflicting ends.† (Phatak & Habib, 1996) Most of the international negotiations are between two companies or two nations. Because of lot of differences like social, cultural, linguistic, environmental legal and technological, international business negotiations is not an easy task. Both the parties should have considered lot of factors before arriving at an agreement. The cultural dimensions of international business negotiations are defined by former professor of Eastern Michigan University, David A. Victor in his famous LESCANT model of cultural variables. They are Language, Environment, Social organization, Contexting, Authority, Nonverbal behavior, and Temporal conception. (The cultural variables for development of models of culture) Language is an important entity in every business negotiations especially in international business negotiations. The views and opinions of each party can be communicated properly if both the parties don’t have a language barrier. Language fluency and accent can affect a business deal. Both the parties must understand clearly what others are trying to communicate or convince. English is an international language or global language used in almost every country and in most of the international business negotiations it is used as the medium for communications. The competency of Chinese people in English language is less compared to some other countries like India, Japan or Pakistan. â€Å"English has no legacy in the land of China. In fact, China had a long history of deliberately avoiding contact with the

The Constitution and Guns Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Constitution and Guns - Term Paper Example This history of gun culture reveals that while Congress and governments were willing to force people to work for them, they were not as willing to help the people in return. The governments were skeptical about not only promoting the ownership and use of firearms but of being the ones to supply citizens with weapons. After the war ended, Congress stored the remaining firearms and, due to impending bankruptcy, chose to neglect them than keep them clean and maintained. The simple presence of these stored firearms sparked the gun culture, and Knox spent a great amount of his time trying to convince Congress to take better care of them, inciting the many uses that could come of the large arsenal. In 1794, after the firearms had rotted and decayed, Congress finally decided to create new firearms to take their places. However, due to the negligence over a trusty arsenal, it took the United States approximately seventy long and tedious years to create a secure source of firearms. Congress f igured it would be worth it since they would use the firearms to form a militia. Alexander Hamilton agreed, stating that he believed every country should be able to have the means to protect and preserve itself. Even though it was the constitutional job of Congress to form a regulated militia and supply them with the firearms that they needed, it had no desire to do so. After the end of the Revolution, the security of the United States depended on the militia. Congress, though, was reluctant to put firearms in the hands of males that might use the weapons incorrectly. Their biggest fear, which was emphasized by Senator Rufus King, was that the people would use the guns against the government. Therefore, if the government did not supply these people with firearms, they would not have firearms to use against the government. When Shay’s Rebellion began, the fears of the government were justified. Poor and in-debt Massachusetts farmers crowded together and set themselves against courts and the aggressive tax collectors. Those involved in the rebellion only protested because they had no other alternatives, and their government did not seem the least bit concerned about their needs and interests. Since these protestors made up a large part of the militia, the state had very little to rely on in regard to support. A private army was established, and they fought against the Shaysites; the state came out the victors due to their supply of firearms. The government was unnerved by the rebellion. Samuel Adams believed that anybody willing to go against the laws of the republic should be sentenced to death. Washington, while recognizing the threat of anarchy, was more concerned with the fact that the farmers fought the government because the government refused to address their problems. During the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, the events during Shay’s Rebellion were brought up. Not only were there flaws in the militia when faced with a fo reign invader, but the militia was undependable when confronted with internal chaos. As a result, the leaders decided to reform the militia to bring it more under the control of Congress, including the distribution of firearms, which prompted the Second Amendment. States would have control over their militia until they were called into federal service, which would then put the control back with Congress. It was decided that the militia should be given power by Congress, but the

Downgrade Warning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Downgrade Warning - Term Paper Example According to the report ‘J.P. Morgan Tells Analysts To Warn of a Downgrade’ analysts independence is negatively affected when it needs to clearly communicate to the company and the client banker the reason behind specific stock recommendations. Analysts are warned from conducting negative research and some firms penalize investors for recommending sale options. †¢ What exactly does Peter Houghtons memo say? Does the memo say that analysts should compromise their independence? How does the memo raise questions about analysts independence? Does it make any difference whether "analysts arent pressured to change recommendations, but only to make factual changes"? Ans) The memo of Peter Houghton does not directly point to analysts’ independence. The memo states that analysts should consult the company and the client banker before making recommendations to an investor. Also the analyst should either accept the request of the research note recommended by the firm or should clearly communicate to the firm as to why it cannot follow those recommendations. Yes, there is difference between asking analyst to change recommendations and making factual changes. †¢ What are the "buy side" and "sell side"? Why might the "sell side" be unwilling to make "sell" recommendations on stocks? If the "buy side" has its own analysts, would the "buy side" ever look at "sell side" analysts reports? Ans) The ‘buy side’ and the ‘sell side’ are the two types of analysts. ‘Sell’ recommendation is considered as a part of negative research which affects the firm negatively so the sell recommendation on stocks is viewed in a negative manner. â€Å"Sell-side analysts typically work for full-service broker-dealers and make recommendations on the securities they cover. Buy-side analysts typically work for institutional money managers— that purchase securities for their own accounts† (Analyzing Analyst Recommendations para. 6). †¢ Why might "sell

A Manager's Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Manager's Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example The rampant competition from these retail chains led to a whopping drop in revenue for the group, which resulted in a forty percent drop in revenues for the total group, whereas the retail and merchandising arm clocked around sixty percent fall in revenues (Swanton, 2005). This led to a lot of desperate steps by the Management, which included cutting costs at all points and also laying off employees. They also hinged on a plan to increase the profit at all levels. This would include cutting down on the redundancy at all the levels of management. These were the major problems that were faced by the management. There were a lot of factors that were responsible for the unethical conduct on the part of the mechanics as well as the customer service officials. There was an immense pressure on them to fulfill the targets as well as increase the amount of revenue earned by each centre. The retail industry was taking a major hit and that effected the baseline of the company, The revenue loss from that particular division had to be compensated by earning extra revenue from other divisions there was large scale of cost cutting going on in the various sectors and the employees were being asked to leave.; so, when a compensation policy that had the lure of incentive was set in, it resulted in the ensuing unethical behavior on the part of the employees (Gardiner, 2005). The backend mechanics were given steep targets and so were the front end customer representatives, who would monitor the situation. In addition to the extreme amount of work and target pressure, another factor that contributed to this kind of behavior was the tendency of the mechanics to go overboard and recommend more amount of repairs than usual. The other problem would be the timing at which the particular vehicle would come. If it came during the part of the week that encountered slow sales, the mechanics and the front end people would oversell and try to maximize the output, which would ultimately create all the issues. This is a classic case of spillover effect, in which due to the fall in profitability of one arm, the other arm gets affected(Hursthouse,2001). Te other factor that can also be explained here is the cannibalization effect, where the loss from one arm would eat away into the profit from another arm. The ethical approach used here was consequential. The reasons for this are manifold and are very clear. First of all, no proper study was done on the reasons as to why the fall in the retail segment was really happening despite the introduction of the non sears products. Secondly, the incentive plan was introduced without taking into the view the ground realities that existed. A situational analysis was necessary for the proper results and the outcomes to happen. They should have looked at the ground realities and introduced the changes. Te current atmosphere was also not analyzed. The company was not doing well, the profits had plunged. It was all but natural for the peo ple to resort to unfair tactics so as to boost the bottom-line. The employees were seeing other people around them being sacked and that would have increased the level of indulgence in the unfair urges to boost the profits and achieve targets by using unfair means. They only took the corrective steps after seeing the outcomes. Neither the duty aspects, nor the ethical aspects were studied

Media Essays Media Traditional Television

Media Essays Media Traditional Television Media Traditional Television Media convergence is inevitable as new media challenges the dominance of traditional media and traditional media reacts to this challenge. Discuss. Introduction Media convergence has become an issue over the last ten years as new technologies such as the Internet and computers have become intermingled with ‘traditional media’ such as television and newspapers. This media convergence transcends social, cultural, economic, technological and industrial changes, all of which will be discussed in the dissertation (Jenkins, 2006, pp. 3-5). This convergence can happen in a number of ways, but the main focus is on the convergence of types of media technology in society and within the media industry itself (Bell, 2006). This is generally thought of as ‘new media’ such as computers colliding with ‘traditional media’ such as television and print media (Franklin, et al, 2008). Apart from the technological convergence, the dissertation will also look at how audiences are engaging and making sense of these technologies. This is often referred to as ‘cultural convergence’ within media (Jenkins, 2008). The problem to be addressed here is whether or not media convergence within technological and cultural terms is inevitable as new media pushes forward and challenges traditional media forms. Although it is clear that technological convergence is occurring, the problem is more complex than this and also includes transitions within culture, the media industry, markets, genres and audiences (Jenkins, 2004, pp. 37-41). Therefore, the problem posed here is how to look at the challenge to traditional media from new media, and how the traditional media is responding. Is this pattern of challenge and response leading to an inevitable convergence of media in all aspects? Methodology In order to answer this question, the researcher will use the method of document analysis throughout the dissertation. Document analysis is a qualitative method of reviewing the content and meaning of texts, and is appropriate in this case because of the accessibility of documented evidence and opinion on the subject of media convergence. A qualitative method is needed in a subject like this because the key elements of research are focused around cultural trends and opinions, technological changes, and not around specifically quantitative elements. Furthermore, as cultural phenomena, texts are the ideal way to review cultural changes within media (Stokes, 2003, pp. 52-54). However, as a subjective medium it can be difficult to use textual analysis, because a hypothesis needs to be formed before beginning the analysis. This will not be a problem in this case though because the problem of media convergence and its supposed inevitability has already been identified as the focus of the dissertation through initial research. Document analysis also allows the researcher to look at the specific cultural and social context of media documents, as well as using primary, secondary and general documents to create a full picture of the research problem. There will be a large focus on primary documents regarding media convergence, media culture and technology within the research (Altheide, 1996, pp. 3-6). Aims and objectives The aim of this essay to give an answer as to the inevitability of media convergence in light of the challenges from new media to traditional media as well as the response from traditional media to this challenge. Firstly, this will involve fully defining media convergence in its various guises and what media convergence on an industrial, cultural, technological, market-based and audience-based level would constitute (Durham and Kellner, 2006). Then there will be a review of the literature on the emergence of new media and its challenge to traditional media in a technological, industrial and cultural sense (Thorburn, Jenkins and Seawell, 2003, pp. 281-314). The section after this will look at the reaction from traditional media to this challenge, and how this has reshaped traditional media fields such as television and print media (Lawson-Borders, pp. 27-43). A section will then examine the issues of media convergence in light of the challenges and responses between traditional and new media. To illustrate some of these challenges in a real-world setting, the case of China’s media climate will be examined. China has undergone a large number of reforms in media over the last ten years and is the issues of convergence are particularly relevant to such a setting of technological, social and industrial change (Hong, 1998, pp. 41-53). From these chapters a conclusion will be drawn with regards to the future inevitability of media convergence in a variety of contexts – technological, cultural, industrial, market-based, and audience-based. Literature Review The emergence of new media and its challenge The major challenge from new media has come from technological innovation over the last ten years, with the emergence of computer technology and the Internet. For the purposes of this dissertation, there will not be a lengthy discussion about what constitutes ‘new’ or ‘old’ media as put forward by Manovich (2001), but rather it will be content with the idea that new media includes computers, the Internet and digital mobile devices as the standard, whereas ‘traditional’ media encompasses print media, television and radio as standards. This new media has significant functional equivalence with traditional media such as print media and television, and is therefore taking some of this market (Adoni and Nossek, 2001, pp. 76-81). Consequently, the competition for audience numbers and cultural significance began. The old ideals and concepts of traditional media have been put under pressure by the flexibility, innovation and new approaches of new media (McQuail, Siune, and Euromedia Research Group, 1998, pp. 1-3). New media forms such as mobile device streaming (Nilsson, Nulden and Olsson, 2001, pp. 34-36), the Internet (Lister, Dovey and Giddings, 2003, pp. 35-37), and news websites and feeds (Digital Spy, 2008) have changed the parameters of what constitutes media in today’s world. Not only has new media changed the technological parameters, but it has changed the market and cultural climate of media as well. There have been questions about how the market needs to respond to new media in terms of regulations –for example how broadband services should be monitored or regulated in media terms (Blackman, 1998, pp. 166-169). Broadcast licensing rules have had to be adapted or reviewed in light of the explosion of new media sources and types around the world, which has caused controversy and disagreement as to how to handle these new mediums (Weare, Levi and Raphael, 2001, pp. 47-55). There has been a change in the way audiences are now viewing media, and with the media and social culture so closely linked this has helped change social attitudes. The likes of MySpace and YouTube are good examples of the way in which new media is challenging social norms generated by traditional media forms. This has stretched to the realm of politics, where new media is now seen as a potentially more effective tool for furthering democratic process than traditional media, despite the conceptual difficulties of putting this into practice (Barnett, 1997, pp. 211-216). Another area that has been changed by this new media challenge is the actual teaching of media and journalism. New media has meant that journalists in traditional media need to understand the new ways of broadcasting and delivering information effectively, particularly in light of how politically controlled the finances and content are of many traditional news media organizations. The education has shifted from traditional media to multi-media (Quinn, 2001, pp. 84-87). Education in other areas is also being influenced by the challenge of new media to traditional media, and has been particularly influential in the field of interactive learning programs (Fallahkhair, 2003). These challenges to traditional media by new media have occurred rapidly, and the effects are wide-ranging. The traditional media world has had to respond to this challenge in order to survive. The reaction from traditional media The reaction from traditional media has not been one of competition or rejection of new media, but an understanding that this type of media is now part of the landscape and needs to be embraced. This is what has led to the so-called ‘convergence’ of media throughout the world over the last ten years. Initially the response from traditional media was one of technological convergence – this was inevitable in the sense that new technologies that can give a competitive edge are always adopted in such an industry where possible. In this case the technological driver was digitalization in terms of television, and the spread of Internet news within printed media (Henten, Falch and Tadayoni, 2003). However, as technology progressed so did cultural and social changes, as well as market changes within the world of media. In order to stay relevant and part of the cutting-edge of culture, traditional media has had to adapt to and converge with new media in terms of policies, techniques and attitude in some area in addition to the technological convergence. The structure for storing media and content has changed as ICT has progressed, and has created the need for traditional media to be more instant in its deployment of content and services (Lindqvist and Siivonen, 2002). Established print media firms have embraced the new media to help expand their services and reach untapped audiences. For example, The Guardian now has a full online media section that allows it to reach a far larger and more varied audience than previously possible through its traditional print publications (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2008). It has also allowed traditional journalists to cover more content than before and express their own views with other journalists. Rather than being run by big business, convergent press forms such as journalism sites are now run by journalists themselves (European Journalism Centre, 2008). The resources available for the consumers and journalists have increased drastically, as has the ease with which information can be accessed (ABC, 2008, and Future Foundation, 2008). This is not simply down to the emergence of new media, but the convergence of new and traditional media. The nature of traditional media advertising has also been changed, with print media companies now creating websites and online services to complement their traditional print forms (WARC, 2008, and Zenith Optimedia, 2008). The industry has also responded by broadening the scope of its regulations and research to encompass these new media types (Advertising Research Foundation, 2008), and in some cases create whole new sites and companies devoted to media convergence and advertising (Haymarket Media, 2008). Media advertising has moved from the realms of print and television to become an interactive, digital and global source online (European Interactive Advertising Association, 2008). The traditional media of television has also responded by converging with new media technologies and attitudes. OFCOM now has a website, and deals with not only traditional TV and radio regulations but now has newer wireless and online communications regulations in place (OFCOM, 2008). Perhaps most crucially the convergence has allowed for television audiences to be more widely recognized and understood. It is now easier to monitor audience trends, and this information is now available not only to traditional media industry professionals but new media consumers, users and creators as well (BARB, 2008, and Screen Digest, 2008). The response from traditional media has not been to fight back on its own, but to merge with new media in order to take advantage of its benefits. Issues of media convergence As can be seen, media convergence is and was inevitable in technological terms because of the need of traditional media to compete with the innovations of new media as well. However, it is not yet clear how far this convergence goes, and whether or not full media convergence on a cultural, market-based, audience-based and industrial level is occurring or will occur. The bar has been set by new media companies in terms of innovation, and it seems that although a number of companies within traditional media are following this example (Lawson-Borders, 2003, pp. 98-99), the traditional media industry itself is perhaps more focused on technological convergence than a complete convergence of attitudes and processes. The major effect of convergence at this time appears to be the digitalization of traditional media. Although this has not completely changed the way in which traditional journalism is handled, it has changed its presentation and also blurred the lines between larger corporations and smaller entities (Kawamoto, 2003, pp. 5-12). Evidence of this can be seen in recent worldwide news stories where new and traditional Medias became visibly interdependent. The Virginia Tech massacre is one such example, perhaps the first of its kind. In this case the new media and traditional media fed off each other for information and opinion, and not just in a technological sense. Whilst some question the strain in ethical boundaries such convergence causes, it is clear that convergence can and will occur in more than just a technological form (Garofoli, 2007). However, it is still not clear whether complete media convergence is in fact inevitable. It seems that much might depend upon the consequences of such a convergence (Anderson and Elckelman, 1999), as well as the reaction from audiences and culture as a whole (Wilkinson, 2008). China, media and convergence China is a good example of how convergence has come about in a real-world setting. As with other areas of the world, China’s convergence issues are seen as convergence of technologies to create multi-media networks (Ure and Xiong-Jian, 1999, p. 17) However, the pace of convergence and change has perhaps been more rapid than in places such as the UK or US, with tighter government controls on media in place. In order to maintain a balance between the traditional and new media, China has had to move further towards complete convergence than some other countries. However, there is still a long way to go in China with regards to convergence, particularly in terms of cultural issues such as the heterogeneous development of cultures and attitudes. China shows that whilst technological and market-driven media convergence may be inevitable, the inevitability of complete convergence depends upon political and cultural issues associated with audience reactions and needs as well as the slow-changing institutions of power behind traditional media (Donald, Keane, and Hong, 2002, pp. 3-7). Although perhaps not as extreme as the Chinese situations of ‘dissident vs., state’, it is true that convergence on levels other than technological and financial is perhaps not inevitable, even it is seems extremely probable at this point (Akhavan-Majid, 2004, pp. 553-555). The next step for media convergence is certainly to create a regulatory system that allows traditional and new media forms to combine in a way that allows not only technological innovations but differing attitudes, viewpoints and market goals to converge (Tan, 1999, 271-275). Bibliography ABC., 2008. ABC Website. (Online). 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Media convergence: An architecture for iTV and mobile phone based interactive language learning. School of Computing and Information Sciences. Available at: http://eprints.brighton.ac.uk/2883/01/Mediaconverge.pdf Franklin, M., et al. 2008. Debate: Will Web and Television Converge? (Online). Available at: http://graphics.stanford.edu/~bjohanso/cs448/ (Accessed 22nd August 2008). Future Foundation., 2008. Future Foundation Website. (Online). Available at: http://www.futurefoundation.net/publications.php?disp=462 (Accessed 22nd August 2008). Garofoli, J., 2007. Viriginia Tech Massacre: New-media culture challenges limits of journalism ethics. San Francisco Chronicle, April 20th, 2007. Guardian News and Media Limited., 2008. The Guardian Online. (Online). Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/media (Accessed 22nd August 2008). Haymarket Media., 2008. Brand Republic. (Online). Available at: http://www.brandrepublic.com/ (Accessed 22nd August 2008). 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Mobile Media: The Convergence of Media and Mobile Communications. Convergence: The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 7(1), pp.34-38. OFCOM., 2008. Office of Communications Website. (Online). Available at: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/ (Accessed 20th August 2008). Quinn, S., 2001. Media convergence: Implications for journalism education. Australian Studies in Journalism, 10-11, pp. 84-105. Screen Digest., 2008. Screen Digest Website. (Online). Available at: http://www.screendigest.com/ (Accessed 21st August 2008). Stokes, J.C., 2003. How to do media and cultural studies. London: SAGE. Tan, Z., 1999. Regulating China’s Internet: convergence toward a coherent regulatory regime. Telecommunications Policy, 23(3-4), pp.261-276. Thorburn, D., Jenkins, H., and Seawell, B., 2003. Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Ure, J., and Xiong-Jian, L., 1999. Convergence and China’s National Information Infrastructure. In M.Hukill, R.Ono and C.Vallath eds. Electronic Communication Convergence: Policy Challenges in Asia, Singapore. Available at: http://www.trp.hku.hk/papers/2001/china_convergence.pdf WARC., 2008. World Advertising Research Centre. (Online). Available at: http://www.warc.com/Default.asp?ID=1 (Accessed 21st August 2008). Weare, C., Levis, T., and Raphael, J., 2001. Media Convergence and the Chilling Effect of Broadcast Licensing. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(3), pp. 47-70. Wilkinson, J.S., 2008. Media Convergence and the Implications for Audiences, Institutions, and Journalism Education. (Online). Available at: http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20080415_76_121820.html (Accessed August 23rd 2008). Zenith Optimedia., 2008. Marketer’s Portal. (Online). Available at: http://www.marketersportal.com/ (Accessed 21st August 2008).